1) Sleep plays a vital role in physical and mental health, yet many people in modern society struggle with sleep deprivation. During sleep, the body repairs tissues, strengthens the immune system, and consolidates memories. Chronic sleep deficiency has been linked to increased risks of heart disease, kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, and stroke. It also affects cognitive functions, impairing attention, decision-making, and creativity. ________

2) Throughout history, libraries have served as repositories of knowledge and centers of learning. From the ancient Library of Alexandria to modern digital collections, these institutions have preserved and provided access to information across generations. Today, libraries continue to evolve, offering not just books but also serving as community spaces, providing internet access, hosting educational programs, and adapting to meet the changing needs of society. What is the central theme of this passage?

3) Rather than relying on conventional methods, the researchers developed an innovative approach that yielded unexpected results.

4) As more companies adopt flexible working arrangements, ________.

5) Biodiversity refers to the variety of plant and animal life in a particular habitat or ecosystem. High biodiversity is crucial for ecosystem stability and resilience. Each species plays a unique role in maintaining the balance of its environment, from pollination to soil fertility. When biodiversity decreases due to habitat destruction, pollution, or climate change, ecosystems become more vulnerable to disturbances and less able to provide essential services that humans depend on. Based on the passage, why is biodiversity important?

6) After the scandal, the company tried to ________ its damaged reputation.

7) The results of the experiment were ________ than the scientists had initially predicted.

8) Scientists are working to ________ a cure for this rare disease.

9) The Nobel Prize is annually awarded to individuals who have made outstanding contributions in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, peace, and economic sciences. Established by Alfred Nobel, a Swedish inventor and businessman, the prizes were first awarded in 1901. Each laureate receives a gold medal, a diploma, and a sum of money determined by the Nobel Foundation. Over the years, the Nobel Prize has become one of the most prestigious awards in the world, recognizing groundbreaking work that has significantly benefited humanity. What is the main purpose of this passage?

10) Unless immediate action is taken to protect endangered species, ________.

11) Küresel ısınmanın etkileri, özellikle kutup bölgelerinde olmak üzere dünyanın dört bir yanında giderek daha belirgin hale gelmektedir.

12) (I) The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain in the late 18th century. (II) It marked a major turning point in history, influencing almost every aspect of daily life. (III) The transition included going from hand production methods to machines, new chemical manufacturing processes, and the increasing use of steam power. (IV) Steam engines were first used in coal mines to pump water from deep shafts. (V) The development of photography was one of the most significant cultural achievements of the 19th century. Which sentence breaks the narrative unity in this paragraph?

13) (I) Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants, algae, and certain bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy. (II) Using chlorophyll to capture sunlight, these organisms transform carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. (III) This biochemical process is fundamental to life on Earth, producing the oxygen we breathe and forming the base of most food chains. (IV) Cellular respiration is the opposite process, breaking down glucose to release energy, carbon dioxide, and water. (V) Deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has accelerated in recent years due to agricultural expansion, logging, and infrastructure development.

14) Uzaktan çalışma modeli, birçok şirkete maliyet tasarrufu sağlarken çalışanların iş-yaşam dengesi üzerinde olumlu bir etki yaratmaktadır.

15) Regular exercise not only improves physical health but also ________ mental well-being.

16) The artist's new exhibition ________ praise from critics for its innovative approach and thought-provoking themes.

17) Professional development is essential for employees to ________ their skills and advance in their careers.

18) (I) Regular physical activity offers numerous health benefits, including improved cardiovascular health and stronger muscles and bones. (II) Exercise also helps control weight and reduces the risk of various diseases such as type 2 diabetes and certain types of cancer. (III) Many people find it difficult to incorporate regular exercise into their busy schedules. (IV) Professional athletes often train for several hours each day. (V) Additionally, physical activity has been shown to improve mental health by reducing anxiety and depression while enhancing overall mood. Which sentence breaks the narrative unity in this paragraph?

19) Many students struggle to balance academic responsibilities ________ their social lives.

20) Many people struggle to ________ work-related stress, which can lead to burnout if not properly managed.

21) Despite her initial reluctance, she eventually ________ to the idea of moving abroad for work.

22) The tourism industry has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, becoming a significant economic driver for many countries. This expansion has created jobs, generated foreign exchange, and stimulated infrastructure development. ________

23) The Galapagos Islands, located in the Pacific Ocean, are known for their unique wildlife that helped Charles Darwin develop his theory of evolution. The islands are home to giant tortoises, marine iguanas, and various species of finches that have adapted to different ecological niches. Due to their isolation, many of these species are found nowhere else on Earth. What is the main idea of this paragraph?

24) Deforestation has led to habitat loss for countless species, many of which are now ________ with extinction.

25) Researchers have found that bilingual children often demonstrate enhanced cognitive abilities in areas such as problem-solving, creative thinking, and multitasking compared to monolingual children. This cognitive advantage appears to stem from the regular mental exercise of managing two language systems. When bilingual individuals use one language, they must simultaneously suppress the other language, which strengthens their executive control system. These cognitive benefits extend beyond language processing to general cognitive functions and may even provide some protection against age-related cognitive decline. According to the passage, what advantage do bilingual children typically have?

26) We need to carefully ________ all the options before making a final decision on this important matter.

27) Critics argue that without proper regulation, AI could potentially ________ privacy rights or even pose existential risks to humanity.

28) The unprecedented pace of technological change has transformed almost every aspect of modern life, creating both opportunities and challenges that previous generations could never have imagined.

29) (I) Coffee is one of the world's most popular beverages, with over two billion cups consumed daily. (II) The coffee plant originated in Ethiopia, where legend says its energizing effects were first discovered by a goat herder who noticed his animals becoming unusually active after eating the berries. (III) From Ethiopia, coffee cultivation spread to the Arabian Peninsula, then to Europe, and eventually to plantations throughout the tropics. (IV) Tea contains less caffeine than coffee and is the preferred beverage in many Asian countries. (V) Today, Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer, followed by Vietnam and Colombia.

30) Cyber security has become increasingly important in our digital world. As more aspects of daily life move online, from banking to healthcare records, the potential impact of data breaches grows more severe. Hackers continuously develop sophisticated techniques to exploit vulnerabilities in systems and networks. Meanwhile, security experts work to stay one step ahead by developing new protection methods and educating users about best practices for safeguarding their information. What is the main focus of this paragraph?

31) According to the passage, approximately what fraction of the world's languages are at risk of disappearing by the end of this century? Language extinction is occurring at an unprecedented rate, with some estimates suggesting that of the approximately 7,000 languages currently spoken worldwide, nearly half will disappear by the end of this century. The causes of this linguistic crisis are complex and interrelated. Globalization has led to the dominance of a few major languages in international communication, media, and commerce.

32) After the economic crisis, many businesses had to ________ employees to reduce costs.

33) Economists analyze various factors when ________ predictions about future market trends.

34) The researchers ________ several important factors in their initial analysis.

35) "The lack of affordable housing has become a critical issue in many urban areas." Which sentence has a similar meaning?

36) You should ________ your resume to highlight the skills that are most relevant to the job you're applying for.

37) The new healthcare initiative aims to improve access to medical services in rural areas where residents often have to travel long distances to receive basic care. The program includes building new clinics, implementing telemedicine solutions, and offering incentives for healthcare professionals to work in underserved communities. ________

38) Even though the deadline was extended, ________.

39) The team had to ________ the project due to unexpected budget cuts.

40) Many people find it difficult to ________ smoking once they've started.

41) Artificial intelligence (AI) has made significant advances in recent years, with applications ranging from voice assistants to medical diagnostics. While these technologies offer numerous benefits, they also raise important ethical questions. Issues such as privacy, algorithmic bias, job displacement, and autonomous decision-making are becoming increasingly relevant as AI systems become more sophisticated and widespread. According to the passage, what is one of the concerns associated with AI development?

42) The student was nervous about the presentation but managed to ________ her fear and deliver it confidently.

43) The invention of the printing press in the 15th century ________ to a dramatic increase in literacy rates across Europe.

44) The company's decision to reduce its carbon footprint has been recognized with an environmental award.

45) The documentary not only highlights environmental issues but also offers practical solutions for individual action.

46) According to the passage, what does recent brain imaging research show about placebos? The placebo effect is a fascinating phenomenon in which patients experience real improvements in their symptoms after receiving a treatment with no active medical ingredients. For decades, this effect was considered merely a nuisance in clinical trials – something to be controlled for when testing the efficacy of "real" treatments. However, recent research has dramatically changed our understanding of placebos. Brain imaging studies have shown that placebos can trigger the release of endorphins, the body's natural painkillers, and can activate the same neural pathways as active medications.

47) (I) Impressionism emerged in France in the late 19th century as a reaction against traditional academic painting. (II) Impressionist painters sought to capture the fleeting effects of light and color, often painting outdoors to observe their subjects directly. (III) Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Edgar Degas, and Camille Pissarro were among the movement's leading figures. (IV) Their work was initially met with harsh criticism but eventually gained acceptance and profoundly influenced the development of modern art. (V) The Renaissance period that preceded Impressionism was characterized by realistic depictions and classical themes inspired by ancient Greek and Roman art.

48) Ocean acidification, caused by increasing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere, poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs. As seawater absorbs CO2, it becomes more acidic, making it difficult for coral and other marine organisms to build their calcium carbonate structures. This process can lead to the weakening and eventual death of coral reefs, which are often referred to as the "rainforests of the sea" due to their rich biodiversity. According to the passage, why are coral reefs particularly vulnerable to ocean acidification?

49) The implementation of stricter environmental regulations has led to significant improvements in air quality.

50) Had the researchers known about the potential side effects, ________.

51) Democracy is generally defined as a system of government in which power resides with the citizens, who exercise it either directly or through freely elected representatives. This form of governance emerged in ancient Athens in the 5th century BCE, though it was limited to male citizens and excluded women, slaves, and foreigners. Modern democracies vary in their specific structures but typically share core principles such as free and fair elections, protection of human rights, and the rule of law. What is the main idea of this paragraph?

52) Forensic science applies scientific principles and techniques to the investigation of crimes and the examination of evidence. Modern forensic methods include DNA analysis, fingerprint identification, ballistics, toxicology, and digital forensics. These techniques help investigators determine what happened at a crime scene, identify suspects, and provide evidence that can be presented in court. However, forensic science has limitations, and experts stress the importance of considering multiple lines of evidence rather than relying on a single technique. Based on the passage, what is one characteristic of effective forensic investigation?

53) Archaeologists have recently discovered artifacts that ________ new light on ancient civilizations previously thought to be less advanced.

54) What is the main idea of this passage? The concept of "food miles" – the distance food travels from where it is grown to where it is consumed – has become an important consideration for environmentally conscious consumers. The underlying assumption is that locally produced food has a smaller carbon footprint because it requires less transportation. However, recent studies suggest that the relationship between food miles and environmental impact is more complex than initially thought. Transportation accounts for only about 11% of food's total greenhouse gas emissions, with production methods often having a much larger impact. For example, vegetables grown locally in heated greenhouses can have a higher carbon footprint than those imported from regions where they grow naturally with less energy input.

55) Although renewable energy technologies have become more affordable in recent years, ________.

56) The early civilizations of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China all developed along major river valleys. These waterways provided fertile soil for agriculture, a consistent water supply, and transportation routes for trade. River-based agriculture produced food surpluses that allowed populations to grow and specialization of labor to develop. This specialization contributed to technological advances, the rise of cities, and the emergence of complex social and political structures. What is the main idea of this passage?

57) Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems learn from data, identifying patterns and making predictions or decisions without explicit programming for each specific task. Machine learning, a subset of AI, enables computers to improve their performance over time as they process more information. Deep learning, which uses neural networks with many layers, has driven recent advances in areas such as image and speech recognition. These technologies are increasingly being integrated into various applications, from virtual assistants to autonomous vehicles. According to the passage, how do AI systems improve their capabilities?

58) Scientists agree that human activities, ________ the burning of fossil fuels, are the primary drivers of this warming trend.

59) After the flooding, local authorities worked quickly to ________ essential services in the affected areas.

60) (I) Coffee is one of the world's most popular beverages, with millions of people enjoying it daily. (II) The beans are actually seeds from coffee cherries, which grow on trees in tropical regions. (III) After harvesting, the beans undergo processing, roasting, and grinding before brewing. (IV) Tea contains less caffeine than coffee and is the preferred morning drink in many Asian countries. (V) The flavor profile of coffee can vary greatly depending on factors such as the bean variety, growing conditions, and roasting method. Which sentence breaks the narrative unity in this paragraph?

61) The United Nations was established in 1945, ________ the end of World War II, with the aim of preventing future conflicts.

62) The history of chocolate dates back to ancient Mesoamerican civilizations like the Olmec, Maya, and Aztec, who consumed chocolate as a bitter drink rather than the sweet confection we know today. The cacao beans were so valuable that they were used as currency by these civilizations. Europeans were introduced to chocolate in the 16th century when Spanish conquistadors brought it back from the Americas. ________

63) The museum decided to ________ its collection with several newly discovered artifacts from the archaeological site.

64) Research suggests that regular physical activity can significantly reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases.

65) The more we understand about the human brain, ________.

66) Despite being ________ researched, the complex mechanisms of the human brain remain partially mysterious to scientists.

67) Sarah: I've been thinking about changing careers. I've been in marketing for eight years now, but I feel like I need a new challenge. Michael: That's a big decision. What field are you considering? Sarah: I'm interested in web development. I've been taking some online courses in my free time. Michael: That's quite different from marketing. Are you sure you want to start from scratch in a new field? Sarah: ________

68) (I) The Great Barrier Reef, located off the coast of Queensland, Australia, is the world's largest coral reef system. (II) It stretches over 2,300 kilometers and consists of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands. (III) Coral reefs form in warm, shallow waters where sunlight can penetrate to support the algae that live in symbiosis with coral polyps. (IV) Tourism to the Great Barrier Reef contributes approximately $6.4 billion annually to the Australian economy. (V) The reef is home to extraordinary biodiversity, including 1,500 species of fish, 4,000 types of mollusk, and 240 species of birds.

69) (I) The periodic table of elements organizes all known chemical elements based on their properties and atomic structure. (II) It was developed by Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev in 1869, though it has been refined and expanded since then. (III) Elements in the same column (group) have similar chemical properties, while those in the same row (period) have the same number of electron shells. (IV) Chemistry students often find it challenging to memorize the entire periodic table. (V) The arrangement of elements allows scientists to predict the properties of elements, even those that had not yet been discovered when the table was first created. Which sentence breaks the narrative unity in this paragraph?

70) Climate change is altering ecosystems at an unprecedented rate. Rising temperatures are causing glaciers to melt, contributing to sea level rise that threatens coastal communities. Changing precipitation patterns are leading to more frequent and severe droughts in some regions and flooding in others. Wildlife is also being affected, with many species struggling to adapt to rapidly changing habitats. Some are shifting their ranges toward cooler areas, while others face possible extinction. Which of the following best summarizes the main point of this passage?

71) (I) The development of writing systems was one of humanity's most transformative innovations. (II) Early writing emerged independently in several regions, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica. (III) Initially, writing was primarily used for administrative and economic purposes, such as recording taxes, inventories, and commercial transactions. (IV) The printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg around 1440, revolutionized the spread of written information. (V) As writing systems evolved, they enabled the preservation of knowledge, religious texts, literature, and historical records across generations.

72) The price of the concert tickets ________ on the seating location and the popularity of the performer.

73) Urban planners need to take into account the ________ needs of a diverse population when designing public spaces.

74) Alex: I've been thinking about changing careers. I'm not satisfied with my current job.
Sarah: ________
Alex: I was considering something in digital marketing or web development.
Sarah: Those are growing fields with good opportunities. Have you looked into any training programs?

75) (I) Yoga originated in ancient India and has been practiced for thousands of years. (II) It combines physical postures, breathing exercises, and meditation to promote physical and mental well-being. (III) Many scientific studies have documented the health benefits of regular yoga practice. (IV) Some people prefer high-intensity interval training for quick fitness results. (V) Today, yoga has become popular worldwide as a form of exercise and stress management. Which sentence breaks the narrative unity in this paragraph?

76) The detective was determined to ________ the truth about what happened that night.

77) Urban farming has gained popularity in cities around the world as concerns about food security and environmental sustainability have increased. By growing food in urban spaces, from rooftop gardens to vertical farms, city dwellers can access fresh produce while reducing the carbon footprint associated with transporting food from rural areas. Urban farming also transforms unused spaces into productive green areas, improving air quality and providing habitats for pollinators. Communities benefit from the educational opportunities and social connections fostered through shared gardening projects. ________

78) The human brain is remarkably adaptable. This characteristic, known as neuroplasticity, allows the brain to form new neural connections throughout life. When one part of the brain is damaged, other parts can often compensate by taking over functions. ________

79) Küresel ısınma, önlem alınmadığı takdirde geri döndürülemez sonuçlara yol açabilir.

80) Not only did the novel win several prestigious literary awards, ________.